Strongest metal is Tungsten. Tungsten (W, "Wolfram") comes from a Swedish word, tung sten, meaning "heavy stone".
Tungsten has the highest melting temperature of any metal. Its temperature can be raised to the point where it glows with a white light. Most other metals vaporize before they can produce much light.
Melting Point: 3422 C or 6192 degrees Fahrenheit
www.mouthpower.org . It provides you with an interactive game/education tool. Its target group ranges from elementary school to high school. Hey! Even adults can learn from it :) If you suspect that your kid is starting to smoke check out my favorite part, when Mouthy starts smoking. Click on tobacco section of the game, and watch what happens to his teeth and the rest of the mouth. Don’t forget to see the list of chemicals that goes into tobacco.
Something to think about; Formaldehyde, substance in tobacco, is what cadavers are covered in for preservation.
Second most common (chronic) skin malignancy, after basal cell carcinoma. Arises on sun-exposed skin in the setting of a previously existing actinic keratosis. Prognosis is usually good. These lesions metastasize only 1-3% of the time and are usually curable by surgery if caught soon enough.
Most common skin malignancy, related to chronic sun exposure, it can occur on any part of the body, mostly the face. Patients are usually over 40 years of age and have fair skin. Most basal cell carcinomas arise in the head and neck area, particularly the facial skin.
It grows slowly, it is firm, with translucent papule on the skin with associated telangiectasia (small, dilated surface capillaries). The center of the lesion is typically depressed, and may ulcerate occasionally. Metastasis is rare. Although prognosis is usually good, death may result from invasion of vital structures by the tumor due to neglect of the lesion by the patient.
Sources: Essentials of Pathology For Dentistry. R.F.T McMahon. P. Sloan.
It is now the most common acute skin malignancy, and it is the deadliest. Melanoma occurs in fair-skinned adults, and is usually associated with a history of acute sun damage. Because melanoma is a cancer it has the tendency to metastasize, meaning it can move to different parts of the body. Unfortunately incidence of melanoma has been increasing exponentially during the past few decades, with the lifetime odds of a Caucasian person in the US developing one of these lesions at less than 1 in 100.
Clinical features: Everyone should know the ABCD’s of melanoma:
A = asymmetry
B = border irregularity
C = color variation
D = diameter greater than 6 mm (the width of the eraser on the end of a pencil)
This type of cancer tends to occur on the back in men and on the legs and trunk in women. Occasionally they can be seen on the facial skin, and lips. (use chopstick with SPF 15 or above).
Treatment: surgical excision
Prognosis: depends directly on the depth of invasion.The overall death rate from melanoma has been decreasing, despite the increase in its incidence. American Cancer Society’s public education program urges people to seek care if they notice an unusual change in a mole. As a result, more melanomas are being detected at an earlier stage, and the chances for a cure are greatly increased.
sources: Essentials of Pathology for Dentistry. R. F. T McMahon P. Sloan. Dr. Kalmar DDS. Pathology 240.
There are two types of ultraviolet rays, UVB and UVA. One easy way of remembering the Ultraviolet B is that it is the Burning type, this light is responsible for suntans as well as sunburns. Ultraviolet A rays are even more dangerous because they penetrate into the deeper layers of skin and contribute to premature aging of skin, with development of fine lines and wrinkles. Both of the rays can cause skin cancer such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. UVB rays are more active and cause more damage during the summer months especially during midday, between 1-4PM. UVA on the other hand are active all year round in any weather and all day long. Unlike the UVB, UVA lights are not filtered through window glass. So your skin is getting damaged even when you are sitting inside a car on a cloudy day :(. Which means that even if you don’t go to a beach every summer and stay inside closed windows your skin can still age prematurely without protection.
How Can You Protect Yourself From The Damaging Effects Of UVB and UVA.
Most of us have heard the term SPF(sun protection factor) many times. However, the SPF only measures the protection against UVB and not UVA (because UVA rays were once thought to be safe). When you are buying a sun screen it is a good idea to look for these chemicals in a product; Parsol 1789 (avobenzone) which is a chemical blocker, or Microfine Zinc Oxide or Microfine Titanium Dioxide, which are physical blockers.
Sources: Eastside Dermatology, Alan J. Parks, MD, Stephanie L. Cotell, MD. (BCD)